The concentration of meatpacking accelerated after mergers in the 1980s and 1990s.

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That's correct. The meatpacking industry consolidated dramatically from the 1980s-2000s through mergers the Reagan, Bush, Clinton, and Bush administrations approved. In 1977, the top four beef packers controlled 25% of the market. By 2020: 85%. JBS acquired Swift (2007), Pilgrim's Pride (2009). Tyson bought IBP (2001). Cargill acquired Excel (later Cargill Beef, 1987). Regulatory agencies approved these mergers under the belief that consolidation would create efficiency. Instead, it created oligopoly. Trump's executive order targets the result of 40 years of failed antitrust enforcement.

The concentration of meatpacking accelerated after mergers in the 1980s and 1990s.

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